That area is now home to millions of people and the state Capitol. What would happen if that type of rain event occurred in the near future, and what’s the likelihood? The answer to the first question is, there would be complete devastation. In looking for an answer to the second question scientists invoke a phenomenon they’re calling “precipitation whiplash.”
This refers to the rapid transitions between precipitation extremes and the opposite — so a heavy season of rain followed immediately by drought or vice versa. This, scientists say in a study published in the scientific journal, Nature Climate Change, is what California can expect in its future because of the warming climate.
It means that severe rain or drought will be concentrated in more narrow intervals of time than they have been traditionally. It means, possibly, more extreme flooding events and more drought.
California already has a climate characterized by wide swings between wet and dry both from year to year and within a year, according to Daniel Swain, a co-author of the study and a Postdoctoral Fellow at UCLA’s Institute of the Environment and Sustainability Center for Climate Science.
“California has summer drought, it really doesn’t rain here during the summer, but the winters are pretty reliably wet,” he said. “But what we expect across all these time scales — between years and within years — is these wet to dry swings and vice versa will become even bigger.”
A more intense drought could have extreme effects on the state, but it would be more economical and ecological. Droughts usually don’t kill people in well-developed countries. The risk of flood, however, could be devastating and the state is at more risk of a catastrophic flood, like the one in 1862, than its residents realize.
“We’ve built a lot of infrastructure that is good at protecting us from smaller floods,” Swain said. “But Sacramento is right up there with New Orleans and Houston for risk in all of North America.”
In fact, he said much of California — generally where the biggest concentrations of people are — is at risk for catastrophic flooding.
“We haven’t seen those kinds of floods in California in modern history,” Swain said. “We’ve had some bad ones locally but, in general, we haven’t seen the really big statewide inundation that we’re talking about.”
The study used a series of long-running climate simulations and compared “the counter factual climate without humans to the climate that more closely resembles the real world and included extrapolations into the future under the scenario of continued greenhouse emission growth,” Swain said.
He said when the present and hypothetical future were compared with the hypothetical past of no human influence, the whiplash events increase considerably.
The problem with that is the current infrastructure isn’t built to handle the type of event, potentially a 200-year flood, that could result.
The natural infrastructure, the ecosystem, is built for a certain degree of variability and can adapt. But the human-built infrastructure — roads, bridges, dams, etc. — are largely fixed in place and there are no plans to adapt them.
“It’s pretty clear that a similar event [to the 1862 rain event] would be worse today,” Swain said. “The only thing that would be improved today is that we would know it’s coming, we’d have some warning. In that sense, we’d be able to get people out of the way, but beyond that, this amount of water would overwhelm the current infrastructure.”
